Income inequality is the unequal distribution of income among individuals or households within a society or economy. It is a measure of the disparity in earnings and wealth between different segments of the population. Income inequality is often depicted using statistical tools such as the Gini coefficient, which quantifies the degree of inequality within a given population.
Differences in wages and salaries across various industries, occupations, and skill levels can lead to significant income disparities. Higher levels of education and skills often result in higher-paying jobs, creating an income gap between those with advanced degrees and those with less education. Technological progress can lead to automation and the displacement of certain jobs, potentially widening the income gap. Meanwhile, global trade and outsourcing can affect wages and job opportunities, impacting income distribution in both developed and developing countries. Additionally, unionization rates, minimum wage laws, and labor market policies, as well as income from investments, capital gains, and assets such as real estate and stocks can all affect income inequality.
Income inequality has social, economic, and political implications. Excessive income inequality can lead to reduced social mobility, as those with fewer resources may have limited access to education, healthcare, and other opportunities. It can also result in social unrest and political instability. Governments, policymakers, and organizations often seek to address income inequality through progressive taxation, targeted social programs, education and training initiatives, and labor market reforms.